can - could - have to - must - might - should - have to and etc
Semua auxiliary verbs "kecuali be, do dan have" disebut modals. Tidak seperti auxiliary verbs lainnya, modals juga berfungsi sebagai kata kerja Bantu dan tidak dapat berdiri sendiri. Perhatikan contoh-contoh Modals di bawah ini beserta fungsi dari Modals melalui contoh kalimat yang diberikan.
Can
* They can control their own budgets. (kemampuan/kemungkinan)
* Can I smoke here? (Minta Izin)
* Can you help me? (Permintaan)
Could
* Could I borrow your dictionary? (Minta Izin)
* Could you say it again more slowly? (Permintaan)
* We could try to fix it ourselves. (Saran)
* I think we could have another Gulf War. (Kemungkinan)
* He gave up his old job so he could work for us. (Kemampuan)
May
* May I have another cup of coffee? (Minta Izin)
* China may become a major economic power. (Kemungkinan)
Might
* They might give us a 10% discount. (Kemungkinan)
Must
* We must say good-bye now. (Keharusan)
* They mustn't disrupt the work more than necessary. (Larangan)
Ought to
* We ought to employ a professional writer. (Menyarankan)
Shall
(jarang dipakai di Amerika)
* Shall I help you with your luggage? (Menawarkan)
* Shall we say 2.30 then? (Menyarankan)
* Shall I do that or will you? (Meminta)
Should
* We should sort out this problem at once. (Menyarankan)
* I think we should check everything again. (Merekomendasikan)
* Profits should increase next year. (Prediksi tak tentu)
Will
* I can't see any taxis so I'll walk. (Keputusan Spontan)
* I'll do that for you if you like. (Menawarkan)
* I'll get back to you first thing on Monday. (Janji)
* Profits will increase next year. (Prediksi tak tentu)
Would
* Would you mind if I brought a colleague with me? (Minta Izin)
* Would you pass the salt please? (Permintaan)
* Would you mind waiting a moment? (Permintaan)
* "Would three o'clock suit you?" - "That'd be fine." (Mengatur)
* Would you like to play golf this Friday? (Mengundang)
* "Would you prefer tea or coffee?" - "I'd like tea please." (Merujuk)
Modal auxiliary verbs selalu diikuti oleh bentuk kata kerja pertama.
PASSIVE VOICE
Tense – Passive Voice
Introduction
1. Simple Past
2. Past continuous
3. Past Perfect
4. Past Perfect Continuous
1. Simple Present
2. Present Continuous
3. Present Perfect
4. present Perfect continuous
1. Simple Future
2. future continuous
3. Future Perfect
4. Future Perfect Continuous
There are only EIGHT TENSES in Passive Voice.
The ‘Past Perfect Continuous’, ‘Present Perfect Continuous’, ‘Future Continuous’ and the ‘Future Perfect Continuous’ Tenses are not used in Passive Voice in modern English. The Active Voice sentences having these four Tenses are not changed into Passive Voice.
The Main Verb in any Tense in Passive Voice takes only the Past Participle — V3 – form!
PAST
1. Simple Past
formula: was/were + the past participle V3 form of the Main Verb
go/goes – went — gone – going
walk/walks – walked — walked – walking
e.g.
(i). He built a large house. [‘built’ – simple past – active voice]
A large house was built by him. [‘was built’ – simple past – passive voice]
(ii). They flew several kites. [‘flew’ – simple past – active voice]
Several kites were flown by them.
[‘were flown’ – simple past – passive voice]
2. Past Continuous
formula: was/were + being + the past participle V3 form of the Main Verb
e.g.
(i). She was cooking dinner. [‘was cooking’ – past continuous – active voice]
Dinner was being cooked by her.
[‘was being cooked’ – past continuous – passive voice]
(ii). They were painting some attractive pictures on the wall.
[‘were painting’ – past continuous – active voice]
Some attractive pictures were being painted on the wall by them.
[‘were being painted’ – past continuous – passive voice]
3. Past Perfect
formula: had + been + the Past Participle V3 form of the Main Verb
e.g.
(i). She had posted the letter before she got the phone call.
[‘had posted’ – past perfect – active voice; and in this sentence “got” in the second part is better kept in the active voice]
The letter had been posted (by her) before she got the phone call.
[‘had been posted’ – past perfect – passive voice]
(ii). Mac had answered five questions before the final bell went.
[‘had answered’ – past perfect – active voice]
Five questions had been answered (by Mac) before the final bell went.
[‘had been answered’ – past perfect – passive voice]
4. Past Perfect Continuous
—— no passive voice for this tense ——
PRESENT
1. Simple Present
formula: is/am/are + the Past Participle V3 form of the Main Verb
e.g.
(i). The grocer sells fresh vegetables. [‘sells’ – simple present – active voice]
Fresh vegetables are sold by the grocer.
[‘are sold’ – simple present – passive voice]
(ii). He gives me an expensive watch.
[‘gives’ – simple present – active voice]
The verb ‘gives’ in this sentence has two objects: ‘me’ and ‘an expensive watch’, and so this sentence can be changed in two ways:
*(a) I am given an expensive watch by him. [‘am given’ – simple present – passive voice]
*(b) An expensive watch is given to me by him.
[‘is given’ – simple present – passive voice]
2. Present Continuous
formula: is/am/are + being + the Past Participle V3 form of the Main Verb
e.g.
(i). My boss is giving many assignments.
[‘is giving’ – present continuous – active voice]
Many assignments are being given by my boss.
[‘are being given’ – present continuous – passive voice]
(ii). She is giving some lecture.
[‘is giving’ – present continuous – active voice]
Some lecture is being given by her.
[‘is being given’ – present continuous – passive voice]
3. Present Perfect
formula: has/have + been + the past participle V3 form of the Main Verb
e.g.
(i). I have taken him out. [‘have taken’ – present perfect – active voice]
He has been taken out by me.
[‘has been taken’ – present perfect – passive voice]
(ii). She has shown them an interesting book.
[‘has shown’ – present perfect – active voice]
*a) They have been shown an interesting book by her.
[‘have been shown’ – present perfect – passive voice]
*b) An interesting book has been shown to them by her.
[‘has been shown’ – present perfect – passive voice]
4. Present Perfect Continuous
——— no passive voice for this tense ———
Future
1. Simple Future
formula: will/shall + be + the Past Participle V3 form of the Main Verb
e.g.
I will give you a present. [‘will give’ -- simple present – active voice]
*a) You shall be given a present by me.
[‘will be given’ -- simple future – passive voice]
*b) A present will be given to you by me.
[‘will be given’ – simple future – passive voice]
2. Future Continuous
——— no passive voice for this tense ———
3. Future Perfect
formula:
will/shall + have + been + the Past Participle V3 form of the Main Verb
e.g.
The doctor shall have examined ten patients by 10 O’clock.
[‘shall have examined’ – future perfect – active voice]
Ten patients will have been examined by 10 O’clock by the doctor.
[‘will have been examined’ – future perfect – passive voice]
4. Future Perfect Continuous
——— no passive form for this tense ———
******************************
Round up of Tenses – Active & Passive
verb tense voice parts
give simple present active one verb – one part
is given simple present passive one verb – two parts
am giving present continuous active one verb – two parts
am being given present continuous passive one verb – three parts
has given present perfect active one verb – two parts
has been given present perfect passive one verb – three parts
gave simple past active one verb – one part
was given simple past passive one verb – two parts
was giving past continuous active one verb – two parts
was being given past continuous passive one verb – three parts
had given past perfect active one verb – two parts
had been given past perfect passive one verb – three parts
will give simple future active one verb – two parts
will be given simple future passive one verb – three parts
will havegiven future perfect active one verb – three parts
will'vebeengiven future perfect passive one verb – four parts
A SPECIAL NOTE ON THE VERB WORD “LET”:
The verb word ‘let’ has no passive form; and therefore, Active sentences with ‘let’ would take “allowed” or “permitted” in Passive
For example,
She didn’t let her children go out alone. Active Voice
The children were not allowed (or permitted) to go out alone by her. Passive Voice
ABOUT THE USE OF THE ACTIVE AND PASSIVE:
Learning how the different Passive forms are constructed may be easy once we understand the rules, but what is often difficult to understand is when it is proper to use an Active Voice sentence and when it is appropriate to use a Passive Voice sentence.
We must remember that Active and Passive forms are often not equivalent and we cannot use either of them to suit a particular context.
Luckily for us there are some clear-cut cases, such as:
Doctor: “What’s the matter?”
Patient: “I broke my arm.” Active Voice
But not…
Patient: “My arm was broken by me.” Passive Voice
It would be ridiculous using Passive in this expression!
However, not all situations are so clear as the one given above.
That is the main reason we are often given several rules and are regularly asked to do several exercises – only to give us more exposure and practice in constructing expressions with Passive. But that is only one side of the coin; the other side is the learners themselves! We must be observant and must take note of the expressions we find in the books, and more importantly, the ones we hear from others. We must make use of every situation we are faced with in putting our skills to test.
Expressing Compliment
Thanks.
Thank you very much.
Thanks a lot.
Thank you for your help.
Thank you for helping me.
Thank you for your assistance.
Thank you for phoning me.
Thank you for assisting me.
Thanks you for your kindness.
Thank you for a prompt reply. (letter, email).
Thank you for listening to me.
Thank you for such a warm welcome.
Thank you for the ride.
Thank you for take me home.
Thank you for such a nice gift.
Thanks a lot for an inspiring book. (after accepting book as gift)
Thank you for your attention. (after giving a presentation)
Thank you for helping me to solve the problems.
Thank you for your financial assistance.
Thank you for spending time with me.
Thank you for showing me the way. (after someone show you the direction).
You are my valentine. (meaning: you are my love/beloved/lover)
Expressing Compliment.
Nice way to express further compliments.
You may use the following sentences after expressing thanks.
You are such a nice boy.
You are such a nice girl.
You are my best friend.
You’ve given me great help.
You’ve help me a lot during my difficult situation.
You are such a wonderful person.
You’ve given me so much help.
You’ve shown me great kindness.
You’ve helped me during my difficult time.
You’ve help me a lot.
You’ve shown me the way to solve my difficult problems.
You’ve spend much of you time with me.
You are a great mom. I love you.
You are a great dad. I love you.
You are a great friend. I love you.
Expressing Gratitude
example ::
1. I feel an abundance of gratitude for everything I have and receive every day.
2. My needs and desires are generously met. For this I am thankful.
3. I am grateful for all the great health, love, and goodness that my life has revealed to me.
4. I am continually amazed at how abundant my life is already!
5. I am grateful for everything I experience in this lifetime. I overcome, I grow, and I prosper all the time. My abundant blessings, as well as my difficulties, all make me better, stronger, and more alive.
6. I am so grateful for every person and every thing in my life.
7. I appreciate everything I have and I show my sincerest gratitude to my loved ones.
8. The universe pours joy into my life every day. It has my cup overflowing with wealth, health, and love.
9. My life is singular, unique and wondrous. For this I am profoundly thankful.
10. I clearly see the beauty of life that flourishes around me.
11. I give gratitude for God’s endless treasures.
12. I am grateful for my blessed ancestors living on through my blood.
EXERCISE
CHANGE THE POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE ACTIVE SENTENCES BELOW INTO PASSIVE VOICE
- nadia and i have done the biology task
- the girl didnt throw the rubbish
- two cats were pulling the farmer's wagon
- riki might have cut the grass
- my mother withdrew some money at the BCA yesterday
- we are choosing clothes
CHANGE THE INTERROGATIVE ACTIVE SENTENCES BELOW INTO PASSIVE VOICE
- When do they sweep the floor?
- who will she invite to the meeting?
- when dies he leave the massages?
- what will he do?
a. Mr.X ( be/not )... here next semester
b. Dont be afraid, I ( turn on ) ... the lamp soon
c. I ( paint ) ... my gate tomorrow evening
d. I ( have ) ... a vacation at the end of this month
e. just a minute, I ( get ) ... a damp cloth for you
f. I've booked a ticket, I ( go ) ... my hometown tomorrow
MODALS
- X cant play tennis very well, but she... play quite well
- you... obey your school rules
- sascia isnt present today, she ... sick
- X left the class hurriedly, whats wrong with her? I dont know, she ... have and important thing to do
-
X spoke in a very low voice, but I... understand what he was talking about
- I ... at the ceremony, the ceremony cant occur with me.
